Noun

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Noun is the name of anything. eg name of a person (Ibrahim, Maryam), name of places (Kaduna, Kano), name of animals (cat, lion) or things (bottle, book)

Noun suna ne na kowani abu, Misali sunan mutum (Ibrahim, Maryam), sunan gurare (Kaduna, Kano), sunan dabbobi (Mage, zaki) ko kuma sunan abubuwa waɗanda basu da rai (kwalba, littafi)

Types of Nouns (Karkasuwar noun)

1. Proper noun and common noun (suna na asali da suna na gamayya)
2. Abstract noun (sunayen abubuwan da baza mu iya gani ko taɓawa ba) and concrete noun (sunayen abubuwan da zamu iya gani ko taɓawa)
3. Collective noun (sunayen abubuwa masu tarin yawa waɗanda suke a tattare guri duga)
4. Countable noun (sunayen abubuwan da zamu iya ƙirgawa) and uncountable noun (sunayen abubuwan da baza mu iya ƙirgawa ba)

Yanzu bari mu duba su ɗaya bayan ɗaya.

1. Proper Noun And Common Noun

Proper noun describes a specific name of a place, thing, person or an animal, while common noun can be define as generic name of places, persons, things or animals.

Proper noun (Suna na asali) yana yin nuni ne ga sunan gurare, abubuwa marasa rai ko kuma dabbobi. Amma shi common noun yana yin nuni ne na gamayya (wato suna guda ɗaya wanda za'a iya amfani dashi domin siffanta abubuwa da yawa)

Proper noun should always begin with a capital letter, but common noun only begin with a capital letter if it appear in the beginning of a sentence.

A bisa ƙa'ida ta nahawu, idan aka yi amfani da proper noun a cikin jimla to ana so ya kasance noun ɗin ya fara ne da babban harafi, amma shi common noun zai fara ne kawai da babban harafi idan ya kasance an sanya shi ne a farkon jimla.

Wannan teburin na ƙasa yana nuna banbanci tsakanin common noun da proper noun

Common Noun	Proper Noun
Animal	rat, goat, sheep
Man	Shamsuddeen, Musa, Maryam
Village	Kwankwaso, Kura, Ancau
Phone	Samsung, IPhone, Techno
City	Zaria, Porthacout, Birnin Kebbi

2. Abstract Noun And Concrete Noun

Abstract nouns denotes something with no physical existence, something we can't see or touch, Example of Abstract nouns are:

Abstract noun sune sunayen abubuwan da basu da jikin da za'a iya taɓa su, baza mu iya ganin su ba ko taɓa su. Misalin Abstract noun sune:

Beauty (kyawu), Peace (salama), fear (tsoro), anger (fushi), happiness (farin ciki) da dai sauran su.

But concrete nouns are those things that we can see or touch because they have physical existence. Example of concrete nouns are:

Amma su concrete nouns sune abubuwan da zamu iya gani ko taɓawa. Misalan concrete nouns sune kamar haka:

Cars (motoci), Houses (gidaje), Human (mutum), books (littafai), Desk (kujeru) da dai sauran su

3. Collective Noun

Collective noun is a noun that describes a groups of people, animals or things. Examples are:

Ana yin amfani da collective noun ne domin yin nuni ga mutane, dabbobi, ko abubuwa masu tarin yawa da suke a tattare guri guda. Misalan collective noun sune kamar haka:

Team of football (ƙungiyar 'yan wasa), herd of cattle (garke na tumakai), class (ajin karatu), army (runduna), choir (tawagar mawaƙa) da dai sauran su .

4. Countable And Uncountable Nouns

1. Countable noun: Countable noun can be describe as a noun which has singular and plural form. Countable noun can be used with articles ("a" and "an), they can also be used with numbers.

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Countable noun ya ginu ne da kalmomi na jam'i da waɗanda bana jam'i ba. Don haka zamu iya cewa countable noun shine noun wanda yake ɗaukan tilo da kuma jam'i. Za a iya yin amfani da countable noun tare da haruffan "a" ko "an", sannan kuma za a iya yin amfani dashi tare da lambobi.

Misalan kalmomin countable noun waɗanda suke ɗaukan tilo da kuma jam'i:

book (littafi), day (rana), shop (shago), car (mota), thing (abu).

Examples of Countable nouns in sentences

He owned two houses and a car. Ya mallaki gidaje biyu da kuma mota guda.

These books are mine. waɗannan littafan mallakina ne.

How many days left? kwanaki nawa suka rage?

Only few shops opened. shaguna 'yan kaɗan ne kawai suka buɗe.

What are the things you mentioned? Menene abubuwan daka ambato?

2. Uncountable noun: Uncountable nouns are things that we can't count with numbers, they neither have plural nor used with articles ("a" and "an). But still uncountable noun can be counted using some words like: a lot of, a piece of, a sum of, some, e.t.c.

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Uncountable nouns sune sunayen abubuwan da ba za a iya yin amfani da lambobi a ƙirgasu ba, ba su da jam'i sannan kuma ba a yin amfani dasu tare da kalmomin "a" da "an". Amma duk da haka, za a iya ƙirga uncountable noun ta hanyar yin amfani da wasu kalmomi irin su a lot of, a piece of, a sum of, some, da dai sauransu.

Misalan kalmomin uncountable nouns waɗanda basu da jam'i.

furniture (kayan ɗaki na katako), money (kuɗi), progress (mataki), information (bayanai)

Examples of uncountable nouns in sentences

I saw a piece of furniture in the room. na ga wasu kayan ɗaki a cikin ɗakin.

The offensive has been stagnated since last month and they haven't made a lot of progress. farmakin da ake kaiwa ya kakare tun watan jiya domin ba su wani samu cigaba sosai ba.

A sum of money. wasu 'yan kuɗaɗa.

Where can I get some information? a ina zan samu wasu 'yan bayanai?

5. Compound Noun

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Compound noun is a noun with more than one word combined as a single noun. E.g housewife, mobilephone.

Compound noun shine noun daya ƙunshi kalma sama da ɗaya da aka haɗe guri guda a matsayin kalma ɗaya.

How compound nouns are formed

Compound noun can be formed by writing as single word (e.g. Mobilephone), with hyphen (e.g. make-up) or as separate words (e.g. Military police, sectery general)

There are no rules about when to write compound nouns as single word, hyphenated or as separate word. So you have to study them just like irregular verb.

Za'a iya samar da compound noun ta hanyar rubutawa a matsayin dunƙulalliyar kalma (misali mobilephone), haɗe da alamar hyphen (misali make-up) ko kuma a rarrabe (misali military police).

Babu wata ƙa'ida da ake bi gurin samar da compound noun a matsayin dunƙulalliyar kalma ɗaya, kalma mai haɗe da alamar hyphen, ko kuma a rarrabe. Don haka akwai buƙatar ka koye su kamar yadda ake koyan irregular verb.

Examples of how to formed compound noun by word class

1. Noun+noun: machine gun, police station, toothpaste.
2. Adjective+noun: blackboard
3. Verb+noun: breakwater
4. Preposition+noun: underworld
5. Noun+verb: tooth-decay
6. Adjective+adjective: dark-green.

Pronoun

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Pronouns are words we use in place of nouns as a substitution. For example, instead of saying "Ibrahim sold Ibrahim's house that Ibrahim built in Abuja, we can use pronouns to substitute the two pronouns in the sentence. The correct sentence with substitution of pronouns will be something like this. "Ibrahim sold his house that he built in Abuja.

There are differents types of pronouns as follow:

Pronouns kalmomi ne na wakilin suna da muke amfani dasu a maimakon suna domin su maye gurbin suna. Misali a maimakon mu ce "Ibrahim ya siyar da gidan Ibrahim wanda Ibrahim ya gina a Habuja" sai muyi amfani da wakilin suna domin ya maye gurbin sunan Ibrahim ɗin, a don haka sai mu ce "Ibrahim ya siyar da gidansa wanda ya gina a Habuja"

Akwai nau'uka daban daban na 'pronouns' kamar haka:

1. Personal pronoun
2. Possessive pronoun
3. Relative pronouns
4. Demonstrative pronouns
5. Interrogative pronouns
6. Reflexive Pronoun
7. Indifinite pronouns

1. Personal Pronoun

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This is made of three persons first person, e.g. (i, me, we, us), second person (you, them). Third person (he, she, they)

Ana amfani da personal pronoun ne domin yin nuni ga mutane uku.

1. Wakilin suna dake siffanta mutumin ko mutanen da suke yin magana (misali: i, me, we, us)
2. Wakilin suna da yake siffanta mutumin ko mutanen da ake yi musu magana (misali: you)
3. Wakilin suna da yake siffanta mutumin ko mutanen da ake magana a kansu (misali: he, she, it, them, they)

"He" or "him" are use to refer to men, while "she" or "her" are use to refer to women. But if we're not sure whether we're talking about a man or a woman we use 'they' or 'them'. E.g.

Ana amfani da 'he' ko 'him' ne domin siffanta maza, sannan kuma ana amfani da 'she' ko 'her' domin siffanta mata. misali:

This is my grandfather, great him. wannan shine kaka na, ki gaishe shi.

The woman that you saw in the house is my mother, have you great her? matar da kika gani a gidan mamata ce, shin kin gaishe ta?

Ask them to keep calm. ka buƙace su dasu natsu.

You could ask for help they might help you. zaka iya neman taimako, zasu taimaka maka.

2. Possessive Pronoun

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Possessive Pronouns yana nuna alaman mallaka ne, misali:

mine (nawa), ours (namu), yours (naku), hers (nata), theirs (nasu), his (nashi), its (nasu)

Misalan yadda ake yin amfani da possessive pronouns a cikin jimla

1. Both the two mobilephones are mine. dukkan wayoyin biyu nawa ne
2. Natural resources in the country are ours. ma'adanan ƙarƙashin ƙasa dake ƙasar mallakin mu ne
3. The car isn't yours. motar ba taka bace
4. He's a friend of hers. shi aboki ne a gareta
5. Please use your house and let them use theirs. kayi amfani da gidanka sannan ka barsu suyi amfani da nasu
6. We should let him sell his house if he wish. ya kamata mu ƙyale shi ya sayar da gidan shi idan yana so
7. The country export its natural resources. ƙasar tana fitar da albarkatun ƙasar ta

3. Relative Pronoun

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Relative pronouns sune kamar haka: who, whomever, whom, whoever, whose, which da kuma 'that'

Example of relative pronouns in sentences

Misalan relative pronoun a cikin jimla

1. She was free to marry whomever she like. Tana da damar auran duk wanda take so.
2. Whom did they invite? waye suka gayyato?
3. Whoever says money can't bring happiness is wrong. duk wanda yace kuɗi ba zai sa farin-ciki ba yayi kuskure
4. Whose house is this? gidan waye wannan?
5. That was the man whose house has burned. wannan ne mutumin da gidansa ya ƙone
6. Which phone do you like most? wane waya ka fi so?
7. Do you know that lady I saw with last night? ka san wannan matar da na ganka tare da ita daran jiya?

4. Demonstrative Pronoun

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Demonstrative pronouns are words used to point to something, they can also be used to show nearness or distance, e.g that, these, those, this.

Ana amfani da demonstrative pronouns ne domin yin nuni ga abun da yake kusa ko wanda yake nesa. misali:

that (wancan), these (waɗancan), those (waɗancan), this (wannan)

Examples of demonstrative pronouns in sentences

Misalan demonstrative pronouns a cikin jimla

1. Do you know that lady I saw you with last night? ko ka san wannan matar ce dana ganka tare da ita daran jiya?
2. I found these photos while I was cleaning out my cupboards. na sami waɗannan hotunan ne lokacin da nake goge kabet ɗina
3. Can you help me with those bags? ko zaka taimaka min da waɗannan jakunkunan?
4. Can you sign this form here for me? ko zaka iya sa min hannu a wannan taƙaddar?

5. Interrogative Pronoun

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An interrogative pronouns is used for asking questions. We have five interrogative pronouns in English: 'who', 'what', 'which', 'whom', 'whose'. 'Who' and 'whom' refer only to people; but the remaining can be used to refer to objects or people.

Ana amfani da interrogatve pronouns ne gurin yin tambaya. kuma muna da interrogative pronouns guda biyar ne a turanci kamar haka:

who, what, which, whom, da kuma 'whose'. Ana yin amfani da 'who' da kuma 'whom' ne idan ana yin magana akan mutane kawai, amma ragowan za'a iya yin amfani dasu koda ana yin magana ne akan abubuwa mara rai.

In some cases, interrogative pronouns can have suffix '-ever' while some few can have '-soever' E.g

A wasu lokutan akan sanyawa interrogative pronouns suffix na "-ever" wasu ƙalilan kuma ana sanya musu '-soever' misali:

Whatever, whatsoever, whichever, whoever, whosoever, whomever, whomsoever, whosever.

Example of interrogative pronouns in a sentence. (misalan interrogative pronouns a cikin jimla)

1. What do you bought for your birthday? me ka siyo domin ranar maulidin ka?
2. Which phone do you thinks better for women? wace waya ce kake ganin tafi dacewa da mata?
3. Who do you like to win the game? waye kake so ya lashe wasan?
4. To whom are you speaking? wa kake yiwa magana?
5. Whose books are those? waɗanne littafai ne waɗannan?

6. Reflexive Pronoun

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Reflexive pronoun sune kamar haka:

Singular (tilo)	Plural (jam'i)
Myself, yourself	Ourselves, yourselves
himself, itself, herself	themselves

Reflexive pronouns are words ending in "-self" or "-selves". They are usually used when the subject and the objects of the sentence are the same.

Reflexive pronouns sune kalmomi da suke ƙarewa da "-self" ko "-selves", galibi ana amfani dasu ne idan mutumin daya aikata aiki da kuma wanda aikin ya shafa duk mutum ɗaya ne

Example of reflexive pronouns in sentences. (misalan 'reflexive pronouns' a cikin jimla)

1. I washed the bike myself. na wanke keken da kaina.
2. I can't drive you today, you should drive yourself. bazan tuƙa ka ba yau, ya kamata ka tuƙa kanka.
3. He doesn't like to bother his wife so he cooks the food himself. baya so ya damu matarshi, don haka sai ya dafa abincin da kanshi.
4. Jamila writes the novel herself because she can't afford others to write for her. Jamila tana rubuta labarin da kanta saboda baza ta iya yin hayan wasu su rubuta mata ba.
5. Mobile phone can't make a call itself. wayar salula baza ta iya yin kira da kanta ba
6. No need to hire professionals, we can fix the problems ourselves. babu buƙatar a ɗauko hayan ƙwararru, zamu iya gyara matsalar da kanmu.
7. You are old enough to go school by yourselves. kun yi girman da zaku je makaranta da kanku.
8. The couple saved money by doing some activities themselves. ma'auratan sun yi tattalin kuɗi ta hanyar yin wasu aikace aikace da kansu.

7. Indefinite Pronoun

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An indefinite pronoun (any, anybody, anyone, either, neither, nobody, no, someone, some, every, all, both, each, many, and much) is a pronoun that does not refer to any specific person or thing.

Indefinite pronouns wani wakilin suna ne da ake amfani dashi gurin siffanta kowani irin mutum ko abu mara rai.

Indefinite pronouns sune kamar haka:

Any, anybody, anyone, either, neither, nobody, no, someone, some, every, all, both, each, many, much."

Example of indefinite pronouns in sentence. (yanda ake amfani da 'indefinite pronouns a cikin jimla)

1. Many were invited, but few attended. mutane da yawa aka gayyato amma ƙalilan ne suka halarto.
2. Somebody ate my food. wani ya cinye abinci na
3. Everyone says she's attractive. kowa yana cewa ita kyakkyawa ce.
4. No one wants to accepted that he's unskilled. babu wanda zai amince da cewa shi bashi da ƙwarewa.

Adjective

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Adjective are words that describe or modify other words.

Adjectives kalmomi ne da suke siffantawa ko sauya wasu kalmomin.

1. Example of adjectives

A red shirt. jar riga.

A strong house. gida mai ƙarko.

An attractive woman. kyakkyawar mace.

The lady is tall and black. matar doguwa ce kuma baƙa.

He's an intelligent boy. shi yaro ne haziƙi.

The couple live in an attractive and big house. Ma'auratan suna zama ne a wani babban gida mai kyau

As the climate is cold today, most women can't went out topless. saboda gari yana da sanyi yau, yawancin mata baza su iya fita ba tare da rufe saman jikin su ba.

Lion is a frightening animal. zaki dabba ne mai razanarwa.

A boiling water. ruwa mai tafasa.

I only eat cooked food. dafaffen abinci kawai nake ci.

Some educated people consider illiterates as bored. wasu masu ilimi suna yiwa jahilai kallon mutane ƙasƙantattu.

As you can see from the above examples, all the underlined adjectives describe other nouns.

2. Comparative Adjectives

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Comparative adjectives are use to compare a word to another, eg.

Ana amfani da comparative adjectives ne domin kwatanta wata kalma da wata. Misali:

IPhone is undoubtedly better but it's much more expensive. babu shakka IPhone itace waya mafi inganci amma kuma tana da tsada sosai.

He's happier today. ya fi farin ciki yau.

Their house is bigger. gidan su babba ne.

We use "than" if we want to compare one thing with another.

Zamu iya yin amfani da 'than' idan muna so mu kwatanta wani abu da wasu. Misali:

My sister is four years older than Ahmad. 'yar uwata ta girma Ahmad da shekaru huɗu.

Kaduna is much bigger than Kano. Kaduna ta fi Kano girma.

He's better interpreter than Nuhu. ya fi Nuhu iya yin fassara.

Ipad is a bigger phone than iPhone. na'urar ipad ta fi iPhone girma.

We can use "and" along with two comparatives to show how someone or something changes. E.g

Zamu iya yin amfani da "and" tare da "comparative" guda biyu domin nuna yanda abu yake canzawa. Misali:

The swollen got bigger and bigger. kunburin yana ta ci gaba da ƙara girma.

Price of commodities is getting more and more expensive. farashin kayayyaki yana ta ci gaba da ƙara tsada.

I'm looking older and older. ina ta ci gaba da ƙara tsufa.

"The" is usually used with comparative adjectives to show that one thing depends on another.

Galibi ana yin amfani da 'the' tare da comparative adjectives domin nuna cewa wani abu ya dogara ne ga wani. Misali:

The higher the price, the lower the demand. idan farashin abu yayi sama, buƙatar shi zata yi ƙasa.

The healthier the cow, the more milk it can produce. yawan madarar da saniya zata samar ya danganta ne da irin lafiyar ta.

3. Superlative Adjectives

"The" is use with superlative adjectives,

Ana yin amfani da "the" tare da superlative adjective. Misali:

My marriage day was the happiest day of my life. ranar aure na ita ce ranar dana fi farin ciki a rayuwa ta.

Chinese phones are the cheapest phones in the world. wayoyin ƙasar Sin sune wayoyi mafi arha a duniya.

Mujadala is the best Hausa movie i ever watch. Mujadala shine shirin film na Hausa mafi inganci dana taɓa kallo.

Ahmad have four children, Amina is the oldest and Nuhu is the youngest. Ahmad yana da yara huɗu, Amina itace babbarsu, sannan Nuhu shine ƙaramin su.

4. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

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If word have one syllable; add "-er" for the comparative and '-est' for the superlative. E.g

Idan ya kasance kalma tana da gaɓa guda ɗaya ne kawai, zaku sanya "-er" ne a ƙarkenta domin mayar da ita comparative, sannan ku sanya "-est" domin mayar da ita superlative. Misali

Adjective	Comparative	Superlative
tall	taller	tallest
big	bigger	biggest
old	older	oldest
long	longer	longest

If adjective ends in "-e", its comparative can be found by adding "y" and by adding "st" for superlative.

Idan harafin ƙarke na adjective ya kasance "-e" ne, to za'a samar da comparative ɗin shi ta hanyar ƙara harafin 'r', sannan kuma a ƙara haruffan 'st' domin samar da superlative ɗin shi"

Misali

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
nice	nicer	nicest
large	larger	largest

If an adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant; we double the consonant. E.g

Idan ya kasance adjective ya ƙare da harafi ne, amma kuma wasali ne a bayan harafin, to anan zamu ruɓanya harafin ne.
Misali:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
big	bigger	biggest
fat	fatter	fattest

But when adjective end in a consonant and '-y', we change '-y' to '-i' and add 'er' for comparative, or '-t' for superlative.

Amma idan kalmar adjective ta ƙare da harafi, kuma sannan 'y' shine a gaban harafin; to anan zamu canza '-y' ya koma 'i' sannan daga bisani mu sanya "-er" domin samar da comparative ko kuma mu sanya "est" domin samar da superlative.
Misali:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Happy	happier	happiest
silly	sillier	silliest

'More' and 'most' can be use to make comparative and superlative for most two syllable adjectives and for all adjectives with three or more syllables. eg.

Ana amfani da 'more' da kuma 'most' domin yin comparative da kuma superlative na yawancin kalmomin da suke da gaɓoɓi biyu, uku ko fiye.
Misali

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Careful	more careful	most careful
interesting	more interesting	most interesting
intelligent	more intelligent	most intelligent

But some adjectives have irregular comparatives and superlatives.

Amma waɗansu adjectives ɗin yanayin yanda ake comparative da kuma superlative nasu ya banbanta.
Misali

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
good	better	best
little	less	least
much	more	most
far	further	furthest

Verb

1. Main verb

Main verbs have meanings related to what actually happened.

Examples of main verbs are:

work, send, put, eat, buy, sell, speak, read, walk, leave.

Main verbs kalmomi ne na aiki a cikin jimla dake nuna aikin da wani ya aikata.

Examples of main verbs in sentence

1. He works in cement factory. yana yin aiki a ma'aikatar sarrafa siminti.
2. The company sent the money to her. Kamfanin ya aika mata kuɗin.
3. Awwal put the bottle inside the fridge. Awwal ya sanya kwalbar a cikin firji.
4. Most people eat three times a day. yawancin mutane suna cin abinci sau uku a rana.
5. I bought a house this year. na sayi gida a wannan shekarar.
6. Her children sell electronics in the market. yaranta suna siyar da kayan latironi a kasuwar.
7. Average Hausa speak at least two languages. kusan kowane Bahaushe zaka same shi yana jin a ƙalla yare biyu.
8. Some students only read in the night. wasu ɗalibai da dare ne kawai suke yin karatu.
9. We walked passed the street. mun wuce ta hanyar.
10. They left their bags behind. sun tafi sun bar jakunkunansu.

2. Linking Verb

Linking verb is type of verb that connects subjects with words in a sentence. Linking verb doesn't show action but just describe the condition of the subject or how it looks. For example: Zainab is hungry. In this example the word "is" shows the condition of Zainab and therefore "is" is the linking verb in this example because it explains the state of the subject "Zainab"

Linking verbs sune verb na aikatau amma kuma basa nuna aikin daya faru sai dai su fayyace yanayi tare da halin da mutumin daya aikata aiki yake a ciki. Misali: Zainab is hungry. ma'ana Zainab tana jin yunwa. A wannan misalin kalmar "is" tana nuna halin da Zainab take ciki, a don haka kalmar "is" ita ce linking verb a wannan misalin.

Some linking verbs are

Waɗannan sune waɗansu daga cikin linking verb

am, is, are, was, were, being, been, appear, feel, look, seem, be, get, remain, sound, smell, taste, become

Example of linking verbs in sentence. (yanda ake amfani da 'linking verbs' a cikin jimla)

Someone appeared at the door's entrance. wani ya bayyana a ƙofar shigowa.

He is certainly aware. Babu shakka yana ankare.

This hat feels good. wannan hular tana da kyau.

Hasan remained outside. Hasan ya kasance a waje.

This orange smells bad. wannan lemun yana wari.

He gets angry when someone disrespect him. yana fusata idan wani ya raina shi.

She stays at home every Friday. tana zama a gida duk ranar Juma'a.

3. Auxiliary Verb

Auxiliary verb are used to help the main verbs, and that's why is also called "helping verb"

There are three well known auxiliary verbs in English: be, do, and have.

Ana yin amfani da auxiliary verb ne domin ƙarfafa main verb, hakan yasa ake kiran auxiliary verb da suna helping verb. Auxiliary verb guda uku ne waɗanda aka fi sani, wato "be, do, da kuma "have".

(a) Auxiliary be

'Auxiliary be' is used to indicate the continuous and the passive.

Ana amfani da Auxiliary na be ne domin nuna aikin dake gudana da kuma wada aka kammala.

Example of Auxiliary 'be' in sentence.

I am waiting for my wife to come back. ina jiran matata ta dawo.

Her android phone was stolen in her room. an sace wayarta ta android a cikin ɗakinta.

(b) Auxiliary do

Auxiliary 'do' is used in interrogative sentence, negative sentence or to make emphatic.

Ana yin amfani da Auxiliary do ne gurin tambaya, ko a jimlar da take musanta magana ko kuma gurin ƙarfafa magana.

Example of Auxiliary do in sentence

Does she live in Kano? shin tana rayuwa ne a Kano?

They don't know his name. basu san sunansa ba.

I do like your dressing. ina son irin sanya kayanka.

(c) Auxiliary have

Auxiliary have is used to indicate the perfect.

Ana yin amfani da auxiliary have ne domin nuna cewa aiki ya kammala.

Example of 'auxiliary have' in sentence.

I have lost my wallet. na ɓatar da lalitata

She had left her car outside. ta bar motarta a waje.

4. Modal Verb

Modal verbs are used with other verbs to express ability, obligation, possibility and certainty.

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Ana yin amfani da modal verb tare da waɗansu kalmomin verbs domin nuna cewa abu zai yiwu, domin nuna cewa abu ya kamata ko wajaba, ko kuma domin cewa akwai tabbaci tattare da abu.

Modal verbs waɗanda aka fi sani sune kamar haka:

can, may, must, should, could, might, shall, will, would.

Example of modal verbs in sentence. yanda ake amfani da "modal verb" a cikin jimla.

I will be there around 10 p.m. zan kasance a gurin da misalin ƙarfe goma na dare.

An android phone could cost around N20000. farashin wayar Android zai iya kai wa Naira dubu ashirin.

I must write something on the blackboard. dole sai na rubuta wani abu akan allon.

Can I have some more soup? Ko zan iya samun karin miya?

May I go to the cinema, please? Ko zan iya zuwa cinema?

I will show you the way. Zan nuna maka gurin.

Shall we try again? Ya kamata ace mun sake kokartawa kuma?

It's only a headache- I should feel better in the morning. ciwon kai ne kawai nake fama dashi, ina sa ran zan samu sauki da safe.

It could be in the cubboard- I'm not sure. Zai iya yiwuwa abun yana cikin cubboard, amma ban tabbatar ba.

I might have left it on the bus, I can't remember. Zai iya yiwuwa na barsa a cikin mota, amma bazan iya tunawa ba.

Semi modal verbs

Ought to, used to, got to, have to.

waɗannan kalmomin na sama kuma suna aiki kusan iri ɗaya da "modal verbs"

5. Transitive And Intransitive Verb

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Transitive verb: A transitive verb is a verb that go with direct object, a direct object is a noun, phrase or pronoun that refers to the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb. Intransitive verb in the other hand does not go with direct object.

Transitive verb wani verb ne da a koda yaushe yake zuwa tare da mutum ko wani abu da aikin da ake aikatawa ya shafa. Amma shi intransitive verb baya buƙatar mutum ko wani abu da aikin da ake aikatawa ya shafa.

Transitive Verb	Intransitive Verb
Maryam drives a car. Maryam tana tuƙa mota	Maryam drives. Maryam tana yin tuƙi
Most Hausa eat rice once in a while. yawancin Hausawa suna cin shinkafa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci.	Most Hausa eat once in a while. yawancin Hausawa suna cin abinci daga lokaci zuwa lokaci.
I copied the notes from the board. na kwafi rubutun ne daga jikin allo.	I copied from the board. na kwafa daga kan allo.
Close the door, I saw someone coming towards. kulle ƙofar na ga wani yana tahowa.	Most banks in Zaria close at 4:00 p.m. yawancin bankuna a Zariya suna rufewa ne da ƙarfe huɗu.
Musa tried to stop the woman from leaving. Musa yayi ƙoƙarin hana matar tafiya.	When the rain stopped the children went back to home. lokacin da ruwan ya ɗauke sai yaran suka koma gida.
Musa set a chair next to the bed. Musa ya aje kujera kusa da gado.	The sun set and a red glow filled the sky. rana ta faɗa kuma wani jan abu mai ƙyalli ya mamaye sararin sama.

6. Phrasal Verbs

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Phrasal verbs is a verb that formed from main verb together with an adverb or preposition or both.

Phrasal verbs kalmomi ne na 'verb' waɗanda ake samar dasu daga cikin 'main verb' kuma suna samuwa ne idan aka haɗa "main verb" da kuma "adverb" ko "preposition" koma duka.

Misalan phrasal verbs: call up, find out, hand in, make up, put off, turn on, write up, hand over.

Example of phrasal verbs in sentence. Misalan 'phrasal verbs' a cikin jimla.

Guys are often looked down on me. samari suna yawan yi mini kallon banza.

Crisis broke out in southern Kaduna. rikici ya ɓarke a kudancin jihar Kaduna.

Don't put me off, I'm trying to concentrate. kada ka ɗauke min hankali, ina ƙoƙarin yanke shawara ne.

The report spelled out the need for more troops. rahoton ya bankaɗo buƙatar ƙarin dakaru.

Most phrasal verbs cannot be interpret literally because their meaning differ from the meaning of common words, for instance, the phrasal verbs "broke out" does not means breaking something out; it means to begin something suddenly.

Galibi yanda ake fassara phrasal verbs ya banbanta da yanda ake rubuta su. Alal misali kalmar "broke out" baza ka fassara ta da "karyowa wace" ba (duk kuwa da cewa abun da aka rubuta ke nan) a,a, kalmar tana nufin fara aukuwar wani lamari

Adverb

Adverbs are words that modify and describe other parts of speech such as verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. There are different types of adverbs as follows.

Adverbs kalmomi ne da suke sauya wasu nau'ukan kalmomin kamar kalmomi na aikatau, siffatau, koma dai wasu kalmomin na bayanau. Akwai nau'uka dabam-dabam na bayanau kamar haka.

Types of adverbs (nau'ukan adverb)

1. Adverb of time/frequency

This tells us when, how or how often an action occurs.

Adverb of time/frequency. yana labarta mana lokacin da wani aiki ya faru, ta yaya ya faru ko kuma daga wani lokaci zuwa wani lokaci yake faruwa.

Misali

I went to my grandparent house yesterday. na je gidan kakanni na jiya.

I've intention to visit my grandparent now. ina da niyyan ziyartar kakanni na yanzu.

I visit the website everyday. ina ziyartar shafin kowace rana.

The family bought a house last week. iyalan sun sayi gida satin daya gabata.

I'm going to Kano next month. zan je Kano wata mai zuwa.

They will come back tomorrow. zasu dawo gobe.

He will be taken to court soon. za a kai shi kotu bada jimawa ba.

Nobody welcome him when he came back late. babu wanda ya tarbe shi lokacin daya dawo a makare.

The adverb of time in the above examples are: yesterday, now, everyday, last week, next month, tomorrow, soon, late.

2. Adverb of place/direction

It expresses where an action take place. E.g.

Adverb of place/direction yana fayyace mana gurin da wani aiki ya faru. Misali:

His wife came here. matarshi ta zo nan.

They live nearby. a nan kusa suke da zama.

He hide under the table. ya ɓoye a ƙarƙashin teburin.

A lot of Fulani are nomadic herders that can be found everywhere. Fulani masu yawa makiyaya ne da suke canza muhalli waɗanda za a iya samunsu a ko ina.

Look around whether you can find someone. ka duba kewayen gurin ko zaka samu wani.

He left his car inside. ya bar motarsa a ciki.

The adverb of place in the above examples are: here, nearby, under, everywhere, around, inside.

3. Adverb of manner

It expresses how action happen.

Adverb of manner yana nuna yanayin yadda wani aiki yake faruwa. Misali:

He understands quickly. yana fahimta cikin sauri.

They protested peacefully. sun yin zanga-zangar cikin salama.

You can't work and watch television simultaneously. ba zai yiwu kana yin aiki kuma kana kallon talabijin duk a lokaci guda.

They are happily to sign the contract. suna masu farin cikin sanya hannu kan kwantiragin.

Adverbs of manner in the above examples are: quickly, peacefully, simultaneously, happily.

4. Adverb of comparison

This compares two or three things.

Ana amfani da adverb of comparison ne domin ne domin nuna banbancin dake tsakanin abubuwa. Domin ƙarin bayani sai a duba gurin "adjective comparison"

Preposition

Prepositions are words that relate words or elements in a sentence to show the relationship words have with each other.
The most common prepositions are:

"Prepositions" yana nuna alaƙa ne tsakanin kalmomi ko wasu abubuwa. Prepositions waɗanda suka fi shahara sune kamar haka:

About, before, down, into, through, above, behind, during, to, across, below, except, of, toward, after, beneath, for, off, under, among, beside, from, on, up, around, between, over, with, at, by, instead of, since, without, near, beyond, underneath, against, despite, onto, unlike, along, down, opposite, until, among, out, around, except, down, opposite, until, among, out, around, outside, upon, as, via, past, within, inside, than, beneath,

Example of preposition in sentence. misalan preposition a cikin jimla

The first time i saw Amina she was walking down the road. lokaci na farko dana ga Amina ta kasance tana gangarawa ƙasan hanyar ce.

I found him in the hospital opposite the mosque. na same shi a cikin asibitin dake daura da masallacin.

It may be difficult to stay calm during a war. zai wahala hankalinka ya iya kwanciya lokacin yaƙi.

This war was the worst since the 1960s. wannan yaƙin shine mafi muni tin wanda aka yi a shekara ta 1960s.

Although most prepositions are single words, but some multiple words can also work as preposition. For example.

Yawancin prepositions kalmomi ne na tilo, amma waɗansu tagwayen kalmomi dama jerin kalmomi suna yin aiki tamkar prepositions. Misali:

She was unable to complete her study because of lack of fund. ta kasa kammala karatunta saboda rashin kuɗi.

Maryam will stay in the classroom in place of me. Maryam zata tsaya a ajin karatun a waje na.

In addition to building a house, he decided to buy new car. baya ga gina wani gida, ya yanke shawarar siyan sabuwar mota.

The girl always get nervous when she was speaking in front of an audience. yarinyar a koda yaushe tana fama da rawan jiki idan tana magana a gaban masu sauraro.

Some common prepositions that consist of groups of words are:

Wasu daga cikin prepositions da suka ƙunshi kalmomi masu tarin yawa sune kamar haka:

ahead of, except for, instead of, owing to, apart from, in addition to, near to, such as, as for, in front of, on account of, thanks to, as well as, in place of, on top of, up to, because of, in spite of, out of, due to, inside of, outside of

Conjunction

Conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences. E.g.

Conjunction yana daga cikin part of speech da ake amfani dashi gurin haɗe kalmomi, ko jimloli tare. Misalin conjunction sune kamar haka:

but, so, and, or, yet, for, how, although, because.

Types of conjunction (nau'ukan mahaɗin kalma)

There are three major types of conjunctions in English.

Muna da conjunction iri uku ne waɗanda aka fi sani a turanci kamar haka:

1. Coordinating conjunction
2. Subordinating Conjunction
3. Correlative conjunction

1. Coordinating Conjunctions

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These conjunctions joins words, phrases or clauses that have similar grammatical structure. The most common coordinating conjunctions are: and, nor, but, yet, so, and "or".

Coordinating conjunctions ya kasance yana haɗe kalmomi, phrases ko clause da yanayin tsarin nahawunsu ya kasance iri ɗaya ne.
Coordinating conjunctions waɗanda suka fi shahara sune kamar haka: "and" "or" da kuma "but"

Read the following example, the sections that we underlined are the words, phrases and clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction. While the bolded words are the coordinating conjunction

A karanta misalan dake ƙasa, sashin da muka ja layi a ƙasa sashi ne na kalmomi, phrases da kuma clauses waɗanda coordinating conjunction suka haɗe su. Sannan kuma kalmomin da muka kaurara su sune coordinating conjunction. ɗin.

He bought an orange and a pen. (two word) ya sayo lemu da kuma alƙalami.

He remember to come with his bag and pen. (two words) ya tuna sannan ya zo da jakarsa da kuma alƙalamin shi.

You can browse the internet on mobile phone or on laptop computer. (two phrases) Zaka iya shiga yanar gizo ta wayar hannu ko na'urar laptop. (a wannan jimlar 'phrase' guda biyu ne aka haɗe)

Nafisat always stay in the library or in the classroom. (two phrases) Nafisat a koda yaushe tana zama ne a ɗakin karatu ko ajin karatu ('phrases' biyu ne aka haɗe su a wannan jimlar ta hanyar amfani da "or")

I waited for her but she didn't come. (two clauses) na jira ta amma bata zo ba ('clauses' guda biyu ne aka haɗe a cikin wannan jimlar ta hanyar amfani da "but")

She asked him for assistance but he didn't help her. (two clauses) ta buƙace shi daya taimake ta, amma bai taimake ta ba. ('clauses' biyu ne aka haɗe a cikin wannan jimlar ta hanyar amfani da 'but')

As you observe in the above examples, the words, phrases, sentences and clauses that joined by coordinating conjunctions are of similar grammatical pattern.

Idan kun lura a cikin misalan dake sama, kalmomi, phrases, jimloli da kuma clauses waɗanda coordinating conjunctions suka haɗe, zaku ga cewa yanayin tsarin nahawun su iri ɗaya ne.

More Example

We haven't stay at home nor have we goto work.

I asked my son to stay at home, yet he managed to go out in my absence.

We don't like mosquito in our room, so we sleep under mosquito net.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions

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Subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate clause to a main clause. The most common subordinating conjunctions are:

Aikin da subordinating conjunctions yake yi shine haɗe subordinating clause.
Subordinating conjunctions da aka fi sani sune kamar haka:

after, although, as, before, if, since, that, until, when, whereas, while, once, so, as soon as, provided that.

Aikin da subordinating conjunctions yake yi shine haɗe subordinating clause da kuma main clause tare.
Subordinating conjunctions da aka fi sani sune kamar haka:

after, although, as, before, if, since, that, until, when, whereas, while, once, so, as soon as, provided that.

Difference between main clause and subordinate clause

A main clause are words that have subject and verb and therefore it can work alone as a complete sentence on the basis that it have complete meaning. Example: He graduated from university.

While subordinate clause cannot work alone as a sentence because it lack complete meaning; it relies on main clause to give complete meaning. Example: After four years of study.

The above sentence is not a complete sentence because it need additional information to give meaning. That is the reason why main clause is call independent clause and subordinate clause is call dependent clause.

But if we combine the main clause and subordinate clause together we will get complete sentence as follow: He graduated from university after four years of study.

you can see that we have complete sentence now that we combined the two clauses together. The subordinating conjunction in this example is after

Bambanci Tsakanin main clause da kuma subordinate clause

Main clause zai iya yin aiki shi kaɗai a cikin jimla saboda yana bada cikakkiyar ma'ana. Misali: He graduated from university. Ya kammala karatun jami'a.

Amma subordinate clause bazai iya yin aiki shi kaɗai ba a cikin jimla saboda ba zai bada cikakkiyar ma'ana ba. Yana dogara ne ga main clause domin bayar da cikakkiyar ma'ana. Misali: After four years of study. Bayan yin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu. kunga wannan jimlar ba cikakkiyar jimla bace domin tana buƙatar ƙarin bayani kafin ta bada ma'ana. Hakanne yasa ake kiran main clause da jimla mai zaman kanta, kuma ake kiran subordinate clause da jimla mai dogaro da wani abu.

Amma idan muka haɗe independent clause da kuma dependent clause ɗin tare zamu samu jimla mai ma'ana kamar haka: He graduated from university after four years of study. Ya kammala karatun jami'a bayan yin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu. Kunga wannan jimlar ta bada cikakkiyar ma'ana. A wannan misalin kalmar after itace subordinating conjunction.

More Example

He uses eyeglass for reading because his eyesight deteriorated.

He know the situation doesn't concern him, hence he doesn't involved.

As he approached the town, he saw five people in front of the house.

I can't do without internet, as long as I have money.

I will definitely tell him the story once I saw him.

After we had talked on the phone I wrote down what we had decided.

Everyone enjoyed the fishing trip although no one caught any fish.

3. Correlative Conjunction

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Correlative conjunctions come in pairs. It joins words, phrases or clauses. The common correlative conjunctions are:

Correlative conjunctions kalmomi ne da suke zuwa biyu a haɗe, kuma sun kasance suna haɗe kalmomi, phrases da kuma clauses.

Correlative conjunctions waɗanda aka fi sani sune kamar haka:

1. Either............ or
2. Neither.............. nor
3. Whether........... or
4. Both............... and
5. Not only........... but also
6. Not............ but
7. Rather............. than
8. As many......... as

Example of correlative conjunction in sentence. Misalan 'correlative conjunction' a cikin jimla.

1. You can eat either bread or biscuit. zaka iya cin ko dai biredi ko biskit.
2. He eat neither bread nor biscuit. ba ya cin biredi ko biskit.
3. Both bread and biscuit are delicious. da biredi da biskit duk suna da daɗi.
4. I don't know whether he like bread or biscuit. ban sani ba ko yana son biskit ko kuma biredi yake so.
5. She's not only beautiful, but also very intelligent. ba kyau kawai gareta ba, tana kuma da ƙarfin basira.
6. You should rather keep quiet than say non-sense. zai fi dacewa kayi shuru a maimakon ka faɗi shirme.
7. There are as many men as there are women. akwai maza da yawa kamar dai yanda yake akwai mata da yawa.
8. This perfume is not for men, but women. ba a yi wannan turaren domin maza ba, sai dai domin mata.

Interjection

Interjection are used to express strong emotions, such as pleasure, surprise, shock, and disgust. Some interjections are:

Ana amfani da interjection ne domin nuna shauƙi mai ƙarfi, kamar sha'awa, mamaki, kaɗuwa ko kuma ƙyama. Wasu daga cikin interjection sune kamar haka: oh!, Ah!, Alas!